The preparation of a primary levain depends upon the spontaneous fermentation at work in a mixture of flour and water that is regularly refreshed to maintain the bacteria and yeast metabolism. This semi-continuous contribution of new nutrients (water, sugars, etc.) helps to gradually establish the...

Two major technical factors that are responsible for obtaining volume in bakery goods are efficient CO² production and a gluten network strong enough to retain the gases. However, there are other factors aside from these pre-requisites, that warrant further development in breadmaking: a higher tolerance...

Bread first came into being eight thousand years ago in Mesopotamia. However, it was not until the beginning of our era that professional bread makers began to provide a service thanks to the creation of a school of bakers/millers in Rome. In the 20th century,...

Bread has been a staple food in cuisines all around the globe for thousands of years. The art of bread baking is a balance of ingredients, science, patience and artisanal skills. The ingredients, cooking methods and ovens vary, resulting in a huge range of bread...